![]() ![]() pH sensitivity and ammonia gas tests revealed similar color changes in chitosan and multi-layer films. L* and a* values were the lowest, while b* values increased in the multi-layered film compared to the other film samples ( p < 0.05). Additionally, transmittance and transparency values in the multi-layered film were the lowest compared to the chitosan-, CMC- and gelatin-based films. CMC film showed the highest solubility compared to multi-layered and chitosan film ( p < 0.05). Moisture content was highest in chitosan film followed by the multi-layered film ( p < 0.05) and then the CMC and gelatin films. Water vapor permeability was higher in the multi-layer film (1.244 ± 0.05 × 10 −5 g mm h −1cm −2 P −1) than the other monolayer films. The thickness of the multi-layered film was the highest (0.123 ± 0.001 mm) compared to gelatin-, CMC- and chitosan-based monolayer films ( p 0.05). The intelligent multi-layer film was prepared via layer by layer casting of gelatin, chitosan (added with 0.5% of RCE) and CMC biopolymers. A film-forming solution (FFS) of gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan was prepared and fortified with 0.5% ( w/ v) of RCE for developing intelligent monolayer films. ![]() This study aimed to fabricate an intelligent monolayer and multi-layered biodegradable films incorporated with red cabbage extract (RCE) to act as a safe and reliable freshness indicator. ![]()
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